Installing Windows 2000 Professional
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To install Windows 2000 Professional, follow these steps:
1.
Start the installation by using one of the following methods:
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Start from the Windows 2000 Professional installation CD-ROM. Make sure that the CD-ROM is set to start before the hard disk starts. Insert the CD-ROM, and then when you are prompted, press any key to start the Windows 2000 Professional Setup program.
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Start from boot disks. Insert Disk 1, and then insert each of the remaining three floppy disks when you are prompted to do so. For additional information about creating boot disks for Windows 2000, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
197063 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/197063/EN-US/) How to Create Setup Boot Disks for Windows 2000
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Start from within a current operating system. Insert the CD-ROM, and then, at a command prompt, type drive:\i386\winnt32.exe and then press ENTER, or if this is an installation on a computer that has no previous installation of Windows, type drive:\i386\winnt.exe and then press ENTER, where drive is the letter of the CD-ROM drive.
2.
Setup inspects your computer's hardware configuration and then begins to install the Setup and driver files. When the Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional screen appears, press ENTER to set up Windows 2000 Professional.
3.
Read the license agreement, and then press the F8 key to accept the terms of the license agreement and continue the installation.
4.
When the Windows 2000 Professional Setup screen appears, either press ENTER to set up Windows 2000 Professional on the selected partition, or press C to create a partition in the unpartitioned space.
5.
If you choose to install Windows 2000 Professional on a file allocation table (FAT) partition, specify whether you want to:
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Leave the current file system intact.
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Format the partition as FAT16.
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Convert the existing file system to the NTFS file system.
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Format the partition by using the NTFS file system.Press ENTER after you make your selection. Setup examines the existing hard disks and then copies the files that are needed to complete the installation of Windows 2000 Professional. After the files are copied, the computer restarts.Important Do not press a key to boot from your CD-ROM drive when your computer restarts.
6.
When the Windows 2000 GUI Mode Setup Wizard appears, click Next to start the wizard. Setup detects and installs such devices as a specialized mouse or keyboard.
7.
When the Regional Options dialog box appears, customize your installation of Windows 2000 Professional for locale, number format, currency, time, date, and language, if necessary. Click Next.
8.
In the Personalize Your Software dialog box, type your name and the name of your organization, and then click Next.
9.
In the Product ID dialog box, type the 25-character product key, and then click Next.
10.
In the Computer Name and Password dialog box, either accept the default name that Setup generates or assign a different name for the computer. When you are prompted for an administrative password, type a password for the Administrator account. (You can leave the box blank; however, this is not recommended.) Click Next.
11.
In the Date and Time Settings dialog box, set the correct date and time for your computer. You can also specify which time zone you are in and set the computer to automatically adjust the clock for daylight saving time. Click Next.
12.
Setup installs the networking software and detects your network settings. When the Network Settings dialog box appears, click either
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Typical to set default network settings such as File and Print Sharing for Microsoft Networks, Client for Microsoft Networks, and TCP/IP protocol that uses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), or
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Custom to specify the network components that you require for your network environment,and then click Next.
13.
In the Workgroup or Computer Domain dialog box, specify the workgroup or the domain to join. If you indicate that you are part of a domain, specify your domain user name and password. Click Next.Setup installs the networking components.
14.
During the final stage of installation, Setup installs Start menu items, registers components, saves settings, and removes temporary files. When the Completing the Windows 2000 Setup Wizard dialog box prompts you to do so, remove the Windows 2000 CD-ROM, and then click Finish to restart the computer.
15.
After the computer restarts, click Next in the Welcome to the Network Identification Wizard dialog box.
16.
In the Users of This Computer dialog box, specify either that users must enter a user name and password or that you want Windows 2000 to automatically log on a specific user when the computer starts. Click Finish.When the Windows 2000 Professional desktop appears, the installation is complete.

Install Windows XP.......
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To install Windows XP to a new hard disk, you must start your computer by using one of the following media:
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Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium startup disk
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Windows XP boot disks
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Windows XP CD-ROMFor additional information about how to obtain the Windows XP Setup boot disks, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310994 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310994/) How to obtain Windows XP Setup boot disks Note If you want to start your computer from the Windows XP CD-ROM, your CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive must be configured to do this. For information about how to configure your computer to start from the CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive, see the documentation that is included with your computer or contact the computer manufacturer. To install Windows XP to a new hard disk:
1.
Read the End-User License Agreement, and then press F8.Note If your Windows XP CD-ROM is an upgrade, you are prompted to insert a CD-ROM of a previous operating system to verify upgrade compliance. Remove the Windows XP CD-ROM, and then insert the CD-ROM from your previous operating system into the CD-ROM drive. You can use the CD-ROM to upgrade from the following versions of Windows:
Windows 98Windows 98 Second EditionWindows Millennium EditionWindows NT 4.0Windows 2000 Professional
2.
When you are prompted for the Windows XP CD-ROM, remove your previous operating system CD-ROM, and then insert your Windows XP CD-ROM.
3.
To install Windows XP by starting the computer from the Windows XP CD-ROM, insert the Windows XP CD-ROM into your CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive, and then restart the computer.
4.
When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD-ROM.
5.
At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XP Setup.
6.
Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition where you want to install Windows XP.
7.
Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.

How to Install Windows 98
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After you partition and format your hard disk, you can install Windows 98:
1.
Insert the Windows 98 Startup disk in the floppy disk drive, and then restart your computer.
2.
When the Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed, choose the Start computer with CD-ROM support option, and then press ENTER.
3.
If CD-ROM support is provided by the generic drivers on the Startup disk, you receive one of the following messages, where X is the drive letter that is assigned to your CD-ROM drive:
Drive X: = Driver MSCD001Drive X: = Driver OEMCD001 NOTE: If your CD-ROM drive is not available after you boot from the Windows 98 Startup disk, install the CD-ROM drivers that are included with your CD-ROM drive. For information about how to obtain and install the most current driver for your CD-ROM drive, view the documentation that is included with your device, or contact your hardware manufacturer.
4.
Insert the Windows 98 CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive, type the following command at a command prompt, and then press ENTER
X:\setupwhere X is the drive letter that is assigned to your CD-ROM drive.
5.
When you receive the following message, press ENTER, and then follow the instructions on the screen to complete the Setup procedure:
Please wait while the Setup initializes. Setup is now going to perform a routine check on your system.

Latest Memory

This article is an update of all the latest Memory module found in the latest Intel Pentium 4/Core Dual & AMD Opteron/AM2 driven PC, the last article was published in June 2005.

240pin Unbuffered DDR3 DIMM

240-pin DDR2 Unbuffered DIMMs are used to provide DDR3 SDRAM memory for the next generation of new servers and motherboards that use DDR3 technology. DDR3 is a leading-edge generation of memory with an improved architecture that allows it to transmit data very fast. .

Each 240-pin DDR3 DIMM provides a 64-bit data path (72-bit for ECC or registered modules).

DDR3 SDRAM will be packaged in a DIMM modules form factor.

DIMM Module Chip Type Clock Speed Data Rate Transfer Rate
PC3-6400 DDR3-800 400 800 6,400
PC3-8500 DDR3-1066 533 1066 8,530
PC3-10667 DDR3-1333 667 1333 10,660
PC3-12800 DDR3-1600 800 1600 12,800
PC3-14900 DDR3-1866 933 1866 14,930


DDR3 240-pin Unbuffered DIMMs are available in DDR3 PC3-6400 SDRAM and DDR3 PC3-7000 SDRAM. .

To use DDR3 Unbuffered DIMMs, a DDR3 server or motherboard must use DDR3 architecture. A DDR3 DIMM will not fit into a standard DDR2 , DDR2 FBDIMM and DDR socket.

The number of black components on a DDR3 240-pin DIMM varies and similar to DDR2 DIMM, but it always has 120 pins on the front and 120 pins on the back, for a total of 240. 240-pin DIMMs are approximately 5.25 inches long and 1.18 inches high, though the heights can vary.

The notch in a 240-pin DDR3 DIMM is in a different location than the notch for regular 240-pin DDR2 & FBDIMM modules.

Latest PCI slot

PCI Express, officially abbreviated as PCI-E or PCIe, is a computer expansion card interface format introduced by Intel in 2004. It was designed to replace the general purpose PCI expansion bus, the high end PCI-X bus and the AGP graphics card interface. Unlike previous PC expansion interfaces rather than being a bus it is structured around point to point full duplex serial links called lanes. In PCIe 1.1 (the most common version as of 2007) each lane carries 250 MB/s in each direction. PCIe 2.0 doubles this and PCIe 3.0 doubles it again.

Each slot carries one, two, four, eight, sixteen or thirty-two lanes of data between the motherboard and the card. Lane counts are written with an x prefix e.g. x1 for a single lane card and x16 for a sixteen lane card. Thirty-two lanes of 250MB/s gives a maximum transfer rate of 8 GB/s (250 MB/s x 32) in each direction for PCIe 1.1. However the largest size in common use is x16 giving a transfer rate of 4 GB/s (250 MB/s x 16) in each direction. Putting this into perspective, a single lane has nearly twice the data rate of normal PCI, a four lane slot has a comparable data rate to the fastest version of PCI-X 1.0, and an eight lane slot has a data rate comparable to the fastest version of AGP.

PCIe slots come in a variety of sizes referred to by the maximum lane count they support. A larger card will not fit in a smaller slot but a smaller card can be used in a larger slot. The number of lanes actually connected may be smaller than the number supported by the slot size. While a 16 lane card cannot be used in an 8 lane slot it can be used in a 16 lane slot with only 8 lanes connected. The number of lanes are "negotiated" during power-up or explicitly during operation. By making the lane count flexible a single standard can provide for the needs of high bandwidth cards (e.g. graphics cards, 10 gigabit ethernet cards and multiport gigabit ethernet cards) while also being economical for less demanding cards.

As well as the ordinary expansion cards for desktops and servers the PCIe electrical interface is used in a variety of other form factors including the expresscard laptop expansion card interface. PCIe is also often used to connect integrated peripherals on the motherboard

Latest Processor

The 45nm Hi-k Intel Xeon processors are compatible with server platforms using the Intel 5000 chipset family. In addition, Intel is launching three platform solutions to support 45nm processors, including here the Intel 5400 chipset-based platform (previously codenamed "Stoakley") that is optimized for high-bandwidth applications such as high-performance computing (HPC), the Intel 5100 Memory Controller Hub chipset and Intel ICH-9R I/O controller (previously codenamed "Cranberry Lake"), which are cost-optimized solutions that support either one or two processors and also provide reduced power consumption using native DDR2 memory, as well as the Intel 3200 chipset-based platform (previously codenamed "Garlow") that is specifically designed for single-processor entry servers. Furthermore, Intel’s 45nm Hi-k Xeon processors also extend performance-per-watt characteristics by delivering an improvement of 38 percent over its previous-generation Quad-Core Xeon 5300 Series processors.

The move from 65nm to 45nm involves more than just a shrink of current chip designs. The processors also include such additional features as new Intel Streaming SIMD Extensions 4 (SSE4), which are 47 new instructions that speed up workloads including video encoding for high-definition and photo manipulation, as well as key HPC and enterprise applications. Furthermore, they come packed with enhanced Intel Virtualization Technology, as the virtual machine transition (entry/exit) times are improved by an average of 25 to 75 percent through hardware with no changes to software required.

Other additional features include a fast divider that roughly doubles the speed over previous generations for computations used in nearly all applications through a technique called Radix 16, a wider 128-bit shuffle unit that improves the performance for SSE-related instructions that have shuffle-like operations. This feature will increase performance for content creation, imaging, video and high-performance computing.

Latest Motherboard

You know that when building the perfect PC, the motherboard is as important as anything. That's why you should check out this Asus P5N-E SLI mobo. This motherboard supports the latest Intel® Quad-core processors in LGA775 package. It's excellent for multi-tasking, multi-media and enthusiastic gamers! It's designed for great performance and overclocking! With an NVIDIA nForce 650i SLI chipset and a front side bus capable of 1333/1066/533 MHz, your machine will be ready to chew up anything you feed it. Four 240-pin DIMM sockets support up to 8GB of DDR2 non-ECC unbuffered memory. DDR2 is the next generation memory technology to replace the current DDR. With the highest speed up to 800MHz, DDR2 memory provides great performance for 3D graphics and other memory demanding applications. This great platform has 2 PCI Express x16 slots, 1 PCI Express x1, and 2 PCI 2.2 slots! There's Gigabit LAN, support for up to 8 USB 2.0 ports, and tons more features! Check out the detailed specifications for all the goodies in this powerful motherboard. Don't settle for something less. Pick up the Asus P5N-E SLI motherboard today!